We all love to discuss sustainable “hospitals of the future,” using renewable Energy to produce even more than they consume. And these are vital conversations. Healthcare facilities are tremendous energy consumers and generate about 8 percent of greenhouse gases worldwide. That’s a big deal when, in America alone, air pollution from each degree temperature increase caused by CO2 can lead to about 1,000 additional deaths annually and many more illnesses.1 Reducing those numbers even slightly can make a big impact.
Talk is cheap, however, and we must balance eco-friendly dreams with our clients’ fiscal realities as they work to accommodate the Affordable Care Act, lower healthcare costs and remain financially solvent. Return on investment is crucial as clients decide between high-impact green design and more conventional methods. It is our responsibility to make this choice easier for clients and beneficial for the environment by thinking creatively to holistically improve ROI and promote long-term fiscal, social and environmental health.
Lower first costs with strategic partnerships
Many hospitals assume large-scale renewable energy sources are cost-prohibitive. However, multi-disciplinary partnerships can help make the technology more affordable. Utility-solar partnerships are an early example. A theoretical net-zero energy hospital designed by Gresham, Smith and Partners for Kaiser Permanente’s “Small Hospital, Big Idea” design competition produced 75 percent of its power with solar photovoltaic cells. To finance the technology, which initially showed a 15-year payback, designers proposed that local utility Pacific Gas and Electric Company partially own the cells and subsidize Kaiser’s costs. Kaiser has implemented similar partnerships on a smaller scale to subsidize renewable installations at other California hospitals, and has realized significant savings.2
Despite early successes, changing market conditions have altered utility and solar relationships and more recent news indicates a parting of ways. Solar energy prices are dropping and becoming more directly competitive with electricity. One report by Swiss investment bank UBS predicted a boom in unsubsidized solar photovoltaics in Europe, a shift from marginal to mainstream.3 Sustained decreases in manufacturing and operating costs are driving that shift, with reports citing decade-long cost declines and a 75 percent price drop since 2009.4 The UBS report even cites cases in Germany where solar energy is cheaper than grid electricity. Under these circumstances, solar and utility companies are becoming more direct competitors and less likely partners, forcing consumers to seek alternatives.
Fortunately, falling solar costs have opened doors for new partnerships. These decreases have dovetailed with decreases in the cost of battery manufacturing, creating a mutually beneficial partnership opportunity with several prospects for improving ROI:
- Battery storage technologies allow solar customers to store excess energy to minimize costs during peak times or when sunlight is lacking. This can help offset the first costs of solar storage units, which are admittedly higher than traditional utilities.
- As solar prices fall, utility prices are rising in many areas. While solar installations might be costly in the short term, long-term comparative rates favor solar power and could generate significant savings or decrease payback periods.
- Solar battery storage devices could benefit from decreasing feed-in tariffs, which originally subsidized the solar industry. As tariffs fall, producers are increasingly focusing on saving energy and battery storage devices are becoming more attractive.
Battery-solar partnerships can provide what the UBS report terms “a partial hedge against increasing energy prices or general cost inflation.” Given market fluctuations and rising utility prices, that hedge could be a boon for long-term ROI.
While in the early stages of development, battery-solar partnerships are an important option as designers work to make renewable energy affordable. Additional options include solar-utility partnerships, in areas with willing utility companies, and Solar Power Purchase Agreements, with a third-party investor owning and operating a photovoltaic system hosted on a hospital’s property and selling energy to that hospital. These relationships can lower rates for hospitals while also providing income and tax credits for investors.
Each of these options brings advantages and disadvantages, and should be weighed against a hospital’s individual needs and local energy market. However, the willingness to think outside of the grid and creatively work around cost constraints should be a universal mentality, not just for the sake of clients, but for the sake of the patients and the environment.
Redefine ROI to reflect true sustainability
Embracing renewable energy and renewable energy partnerships requires a more holistic definition of ROI encompassing environmental and social effects and the long-term costs of those ramifications. This definition of ROI should echo the World Commission on Environment and Development’s definition of sustainability — “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Many hospitals do not need solar power to meet the needs of the present generation — electrical power is available, and it is cost-competitive. However, in the long term, relying solely on electrical power could impair a hospital’s ability to meet future financial needs as utility costs rise, and to fulfill future environmental needs of the population at large, as hospitals continue to produce greenhouse gases with alarming rapidity.
To avoid future deficit, look at both soft and hard costs when calculating ROI throughout a facility’s lifecycle. Typical lifecycle cost analysis includes acquisition, operations and maintenance and disposal costs, all hard costs with tangible price tags. Soft costs would include factors like staff productivity, absenteeism, patient recovery times and medical errors. For example, adding daylight wells can cost more upfront. However, according to many Evidence-Based Design studies, increased daylight can improve recovery times, patient satisfaction scores, staff stress levels and absenteeism and turnover rates. Long term, these benefits can certainly outstrip initial costs, especially considering that construction costs represent about 15 percent of a building’s lifetime cost, while staff represents the largest portion.
Beyond the numbers, there is a social and moral duty to consider how decisions impact the overall health of the community and environment. That responsibility encompasses the pursuit of renewable energy sources to decrease CO2 emissions and attendant health complications. While working to lower CO2 emissions, however, there is a second responsibility — keeping costs down and making healthcare more affordable. Decisions based on ROI affects the financial bottom line, the patient healing environment, hospital staff environment and the environment, healthcare or otherwise, that future generations must live with. It’s time to think more creatively.
(1) Jacobson, Mark Z. “On the causal link between carbon dioxide and air pollution mortality.” Geophysical Research Letters 35.3 (2008).
(2) “Kaiser Permanente Thrives on PG&E Partnership.” Pacific Gas & Electric Company. September 2009.
(3) Parkinson, Giles. “UBS: Boom in unsubsidised solar PV flags energy revolution.” Renew Economy. 23 January 2013.
(4) Brazilian, Morgan, et. al. “Reconsidering the Economics of Photovoltaic Power.” Bloomberg New Energy Finance. London, UK, 2012.
